Balloon catheter dilation of paranasal sinus ostia for chronic sinusitis

The paranasal sinuses are small, air-filled cavities, located within the bony structures of the face, which communicate with the nasal space via small openings (ostia). Sinusitis occurs as a result of inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses. Typical symptoms include fever, pain and tenderness over the infected area, together with a blocked or runny nose. Acute sinusitis frequently resolves spontaneously with little or no treatment. Chronic sinusitis is less common, and symptoms can persist for weeks or months.

The symptoms of chronic sinusitis are normally managed with decongestants, analgesics, antibiotics, topical steroids or nasal/sinus irrigation. If these interventions fail, surgical procedures to enhance drainage of secretions from the sinuses may be required. However, surgical procedures may be ineffective in the long term because of the development of adhesions and scarring around the ostium of the sinus. Scarring occurs less frequently if the mucosa is preserved.

Balloon catheter dilation of paranasal sinus ostia aims to restore normal sinus drainage and function without damaging the mucosa of the sinus. With the patient under general anaesthetic, a catheter and flexible guidewire are inserted through the nostril using endoscopy and fluoroscopy to identify the target sinus. A balloon catheter is positioned across the blocked ostium. Inflation of the balloon catheter to a pressure of between 2 and 8 atmospheres aims to restructure and widen the ostium by creating microfractures in the surrounding bone. The inflamed sinus may also be irrigated (sinus lavage). The catheter and guidewire are then removed.

In a case series of 115 patients, balloon catheter dilation was attempted in 358 sinuses and cannulation of the sinus ostia was achieved in 97% (347 out of 358). The ostium was patent in 68% (232 out of 341) of sinuses at 1‑week follow-up and in 81% (247 out of 304) of sinuses at 24‑week follow-up.

In a case series of 1,036 patients (3,276 sinuses), revision surgery for mucosal alteration or opacified sinuses was required in 2% (25 out of 1,036) of patients at a mean follow-up of 40 weeks. In another case series of 115 patients, revision surgery was required in 3% (3 out of 109) at a mean follow-up of 24 weeks; in this series the indications for revision surgery were not described.

In the study of 1,036 patients, 95% reported an improvement in sinusitis symptoms and 73% were completely free of symptoms at a mean follow-up of 40 weeks (absolute numbers not reported). In the study of 115 patients, sinusitis symptoms were measured by the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT) 20, a scale on which symptoms are rated from 0 (least severe) to 5 (most severe). Symptoms lessened significantly from a mean SNOT 20 score of 2.14 at baseline to 1.27 at both 1-week and 24-week follow-up (p<0.0001) in a subgroup of 44 patients who had balloon catheter dilation. Patient satisfaction surveys in this subgroup showed that 80% (35 out of 44) of patients experienced an 'improvement in symptoms' at 24‑week follow-up. A non-randomised controlled trial of 70 patients showed significantly greater improvements in the 35 patients treated by balloon catheter dilation than in the 35 control patients treated by functional endoscopic sinus surgery (0.78 and 1.29 points, SNOT 20 scale; p=0.006).

The Specialist Advisers considered key efficacy outcomes to include demonstrable patency of sinus ostia and improved SNOT 20 scores, standard sino-nasal symptom scores and quality of life.

In the case series of 115 patients, bacterial sinusitis occurred in 8% (9 out of 109) of patients following the procedure (exact time of exacerbation unknown), but resolved with antibiotic treatment. In this case series, the balloon ruptured in 2% (7 out of 358) of sinuses, and a problem occurred with the catheter tip in 1% (4 out of 358).

In the non-randomised controlled trial of 70 patients, 23% (8 out of 35) of patients in the balloon catheter dilation group had turbinate lateralisation/scarring, compared with 9% of patients in the functional endoscopic sinus surgery group (not significant).

In the case series of 18 patients, the mean fluoroscopy time per sinus was 0.81 minutes, with an average radiation dose of 730 millirem per patient. In the case series of 115 patients, the mean fluoroscopy time was 9.3 minutes per patient.

The Specialist Advisers considered adverse events to be intracranial injury, cerebrospinal fluid leak, scarring of the mucosa, orbital damage and bleeding. Additional theoretical adverse events noted were balloon misplacement and damage to the dura.

The Committee noted that the procedure is not used in ethmoid sinuses. Some of the evidence seen by the Committee was on hybrid procedures including concurrent conventional ethmoidectomy.

The Committee noted that both patient selection and the selection of specific sinus(es) for treatment can be difficult. The Committee also noted that the evidence presented relates to patients with chronic sinusitis that was refractory to medical treatment.