Transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for neuropathic pain

2.1 Neuropathic pain results from dysfunction of sensory nerves and pathways in the nervous system. It can occur in a heterogeneous group of disorders, including painful diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia. People with neuropathic pain may have altered pain sensation, areas of numbness or burning, and continuous or intermittent evoked or spontaneous pain. Neuropathic pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that can have a significant effect on a person's quality of life.

2.2 A range of different drugs are used to manage neuropathic pain, including antidepressants, anti-epileptic drugs, opioids, and topical treatments such as capsaicin and lidocaine (see NICE's clinical guideline on neuropathic pain in adults: pharmacological management in non-specialist settings). Neuropathic pain is often difficult to treat, because it can be refractory to many medications and because of the adverse effects associated with some drug treatments.

2.3 For neuropathic pain that is refractory to drug treatment, other options include percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, spinal cord stimulation and deep brain stimulation.

2.4 Transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for neuropathic pain is done with the patient lying supine inside an MRI scanner. The patient's head is shaved and a stereotactic head frame is attached. Patients are awake so they can report any improvement or adverse events to the operator during the procedure. However, they may be offered light sedation. Continuous MRI and thermal mapping are used to identify the target area of the brain and monitor treatment. Low-power ultrasound is delivered to confirm the chosen location. Then, high-power focused ultrasound pulses are administered to irreversibly ablate the target tissue. Chilled water is circulated around the outside of the head during the treatment to prevent thermal damage to the scalp caused by the increase in bone temperature. The procedure takes about 3 hours and pain relief should occur within a day of the procedure.