Lusutrombopag for treating thrombocytopenia in people with chronic liver disease needing a planned invasive procedure

3.1 The clinical experts explained that people with chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia (traditionally defined as a platelet count below 150,000 platelets per microlitre of blood) have an increased risk of bleeding when having invasive procedures, including surgery. This is irrespective of whether the procedure is planned or an emergency. These procedures may include investigative or therapeutic procedures such as dental, multiple and repeated procedures. Because of this bleeding risk, people may have a platelet transfusion before the invasive procedure to aid blood clotting. The clinical experts acknowledged that they were unaware of trials testing whether platelets lowered the risk of bleeding. However, they agreed that transfusing platelets prophylactically was the standard of care. The clinical experts also stated that the risk of bleeding during a procedure depends on the platelet count, the specific procedure, other manifestations of liver disease, history of bleeding and age. NICE's guideline on blood transfusion recommends that prophylactic platelet transfusions should be considered for people having invasive procedures or surgery to raise the platelet count above 50,000 platelets per microlitre of blood. The committee heard that higher platelet counts might be needed for invasive procedures on some sites (such as the eyes). It noted that avatrombopag is licensed for treating thrombocytopenia when the platelet count is below 50,000 platelets per microlitre of blood. It also noted that, although the marketing authorisation for lusutrombopag does not define severe thrombocytopenia, the company and the assessment group only presented evidence (that is, clinical trial data, indirect clinical data and cost-effectiveness analyses) for people with a platelet count below 50,000 platelets per microlitre of blood. If people bleed during or after a procedure, they may need a 'rescue therapy', including further platelet transfusions, fresh frozen plasma or tranexamic acid. The committee concluded that people with chronic liver disease having a planned invasive procedure would be eligible for treatment with avatrombopag and lusutrombopag if they had a platelet count of below 50,000 platelets per microlitre of blood. It agreed to make recommendations for this group.

3.2 The marketing authorisations stipulate that avatrombopag and lusutrombopag oral treatments need to be taken at least 10 days or 9 days respectively before a procedure. The clinical experts stated that it would be relatively straightforward to co-ordinate testing platelet levels and prescribing these treatments with a GP. Because of the time needed to increase the platelet count, the committee heard that avatrombopag and lusutrombopag would be appropriate only for planned elective procedures. However, these drugs would not have a role in planned procedures that need to be done within 9 or 10 days. The committee concluded that the appraisal applies to people with chronic liver disease and a platelet count below 50,000 platelets per microlitre of blood needing planned ('elective') invasive procedures rather than emergency procedures.

3.3 The clinical experts explained that a platelet transfusion increases platelet levels for only a short time. This means that patients need to have their procedures soon after having a transfusion. According to the clinical experts, about 50% of patients go into hospital to have a transfusion the evening before their planned procedure and, when possible, the transfusion is given on the day of the procedure. If the 'treatment window' (that is, the time when platelet levels are raised) is missed, a patient would have another platelet transfusion before having the procedure. Avatrombopag and lusutrombopag have longer treatment windows in which to do planned invasive procedures than do platelet transfusions. Specifically, these windows are 10 to 13 days (stated in the marketing authorisation for avatrombopag) after starting avatrombopag and from day 9 (stated in the marketing authorisation for lusutrombopag) after starting lusutrombopag. The committee considered that this would ease procedure scheduling compared with platelet transfusion and may make it possible to carry out multiple procedures within a treatment window. It concluded that avatrombopag and lusutrombopag have some potential advantages over transfusing platelets. These include reducing wastage if an invasive procedure is delayed, increasing the time in which procedures can occur and reducing hospital stays.

3.4 The patient expert stated that, typically, people with chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia are sick and have many hospital appointments; this, and the associated travel, disrupts their lives. They would value any treatment that could reduce this burden. Avatrombopag and lusutrombopag are oral treatments, and would reduce the need for a trip to hospital for a transfusion. The clinical experts acknowledged that some people who develop chronic liver disease from intravenous drug use have poor venous access. For them, transfusing platelets is difficult without central venous access, for which a procedure is also needed. The patient expert stated that the risks of adverse effects associated with platelet transfusions are low. However, people perceive oral treatments to be safer, and even just the perceived risk of platelet transfusions can cause anxiety. The committee concluded that there are benefits related to an oral treatment compared with platelet transfusions, and that people would welcome an oral treatment option.

3.5 Platelet transfusions, like all blood products, are a scarce resource limited by the number of donations received. The clinical experts explained that platelets also have a short shelf life (of 5 to 7 days) and need to be stored at room temperature. This means that larger hospitals store only limited amounts to avoid wastage, and that smaller hospitals do not store platelets on site. The clinical experts explained that patients can become refractory to repeated platelet transfusions. Repeated transfusions can also increase the risk of infection. Some people can react to the plasma contained in the platelets or develop antibodies against donor platelets after repeated transfusions. People who have an immune reaction to donated platelets may reduce their chance of having a successful liver transplant. The clinical experts also stated that, although donor platelets are not usually matched to the recipient, sometimes they have to be. This then makes it more difficult to find platelets, and means that no one else can use these matched platelets (for example, human leucocyte antigen matched). The committee agreed that obtaining, storing and administering platelets carries a number of practical implications for patients and for service delivery. It concluded that reducing dependence on platelets would minimise problems associated with obtaining and transfusing platelets.

3.6 The avatrombopag randomised placebo-controlled trials (ADAPT 1 and ADAPT 2) assessed 2 doses of avatrombopag: 40 mg for people with a platelet count of between 40,000 and below 50,000 platelets per microlitre of blood and 60 mg for people with a platelet count below 40,000 platelets per microlitre of blood. The lusutrombopag trials (L‑PLUS 1, L‑PLUS 2 and JapicCTI 121944) assessed 3 mg lusutrombopag in people with a platelet count below 50,000 platelets per microlitre of blood. To compare the lusutrombopag results with the avatrombopag results, the assessment group chose to separate lusutrombopag results into the same subgroups as avatrombopag. That is, it considered the lusutrombopag trial results for 2 subgroups: people with a platelet count of between 40,000 and below 50,000 platelets per microlitre of blood; and people with a platelet count below 40,000 platelets per microlitre of blood separately. However, the assessment group also presented analyses for lusutrombopag for the full population. The avatrombopag and lusutrombopag trials measured the proportion of people needing a platelet transfusion before an invasive procedure. Across all subgroups, at least 40% fewer people needed a platelet transfusion if they were randomised to avatrombopag or lusutrombopag compared with placebo. The committee concluded that the trial evidence presented was appropriate for decision making. It further concluded that the evidence showed that avatrombopag and lusutrombopag reduce the number of platelet transfusions before invasive procedures in people with chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia when compared with placebo.

3.7 One way to categorise the severity of chronic liver disease is by Child-Pugh score. People in the Child-Pugh A category have less severe disease and the best prognosis; people in the Child-Pugh C category have the most severe disease and the poorest prognosis. The regulatory trials of avatrombopag included between 8.6% (40,000 to below 50,000 platelets per microlitre of blood subgroup in the avatrombopag arm of ADAPT-1) and 15.2% (in the same subgroup of the avatrombopag arm of ADAPT-2) of people in the Child-Pugh C category. The trials of lusutrombopag excluded people with disease scored as Child-Pugh C (although 3.6% of the pooled-trials population were in the Child-Pugh C category). The summary of product characteristics for both drugs state that they should only be used in people with Child-Pugh C liver disease if the expected benefits outweigh the expected risks. The clinical experts explained that patients with thrombocytopenia tend to have Child-Pugh B or C liver disease, and that people with Child-Pugh A liver disease rarely have thrombocytopenia. The committee agreed that this meant that the avatrombopag and lusutrombopag trials were carried out in people who were fitter than people who would have the drugs in UK clinical practice. The clinical experts explained that outcomes might be better in clinical practice than in the trials. This was because using a thrombopoietin receptor agonist such as avatrombopag or lusutrombopag in people with more severe disease and less ability to make thrombopoietin has a larger effect than in people with less severe disease. The committee agreed that this seemed a reasonable expectation, but that there was no evidence to support it. Overall, however, the committee concluded that the trial results were generalisable to NHS practice.

3.8 The trials of avatrombopag and lusutrombopag had a follow up of 5 weeks and did not measure survival as a clinical outcome. The committee considered that survival on avatrombopag or lusutrombopag compared with standard care may depend on:

3.9 There were no head-to-head trials comparing avatrombopag with lusutrombopag, and the assessment group carried out a network meta-analysis. The committee agreed with the assessment group's concerns about comparing the clinical trials for avatrombopag and lusutrombopag. It noted that the trials defined rescue therapy differently, and had different criteria defining when platelet transfusions were indicated. The clinical experts and the company explained that they did not expect the effectiveness to differ between avatrombopag and lusutrombopag, which share the same mechanism of action. The committee agreed that this seemed plausible, and also noted that the indirect analyses mostly showed that there were no differences between drugs. The committee concluded that there was no evidence that either avatrombopag or lusutrombopag was more effective than the other.

3.10 Shionogi (who manufacturers lusutrombopag) and the assessment group provided estimates of cost effectiveness. The assessment group presented the results comparing lusutrombopag with established care (without a thrombopoietin receptor agonist), which it split by baseline platelet level (see section 3.6). It also provided a pairwise comparison not split by baseline platelet level. The company for avatrombopag stated that it did not have a UK list price for its drug, at this time. The committee noted its earlier conclusion that there was no evidence that avatrombopag or lusutrombopag differed in clinical effectiveness. However, without a known price, the committee could not judge whether avatrombopag represented a cost-effective use of NHS resources. The committee agreed that it could make recommendations only for lusutrombopag.

3.11 The models from Shionogi and the assessment group shared a similar structure because the assessment group adapted Shionogi's model. The company's model included a short-term decision tree to model the clinical trial period (35 days). It also included a Markov model to model the life expectancy of a person with chronic liver disease over the long term (50 years). However, the models differed in how they modelled quality of life and survival related to bleeding and death associated with platelet transfusion. Shionogi modelled a risk of death associated with platelet transfusion of 0.3315%, and assumed that death happens before surgery. The assessment group's model estimated a lower (0.0005%) risk of death associated with platelet transfusion, which could occur before, during or after the procedure. The clinical experts explained that the assessment group's model was more plausible. Shionogi modelled risk of bleeding separately to risk of having rescue therapy, and assumed a lower rate of bleeds with lusutrombopag compared with established care. The assessment group did not model bleeding separately from rescue therapy. The clinical experts explained that people who bleed have rescue therapy, even after being discharged from hospital. Both Shionogi and the assessment group assumed that bleeding lowered quality of life and increased the risk of dying. The assessment group's approach resulted in about a 90‑minute difference in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs; 0.00018 in its base case) between lusutrombopag and established care without a thrombopoietin receptor antagonist. The Shionogi approach resulted in a larger (but still small) difference in QALYs (0.015 in its base case). The committee concluded that it was plausible that lusutrombopag plus a platelet transfusion and rescue therapy would be associated with similar long-term quality of life and risk of death as a platelet transfusion and rescue therapy.

3.12 The baseline utility value, applied by both Shionogi and the assessment group to people who did or did not have a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, was 0.544. The committee considered that this seemed low. The patient expert explained that the estimate seemed reasonable because this population is very unwell. The committee was aware that the assessment group conducted a scenario analysis using a higher baseline utility of 0.801, which minimally affected the cost-effectiveness results. The committee agreed that the baseline utility values used in the assessment group's and company's base cases were appropriate for decision making.

3.13 Shionogi modelled a higher cost for platelet transfusions than did the assessment group. It assumed a person would have an average of 3 units of platelets. The assessment group assumed an average of around 1 unit. The assessment group based its calculations on the volume of platelets transfused in the lusutrombopag trials divided by the number of platelets estimated to be in a unit of platelets obtained by apheresis. The clinical experts stated that the costs of a platelet transfusion likely fell between Shionogi's and the assessment group's estimates. The committee considered that the incremental costs for lusutrombopag compared with established care modelled in the assessment group's base case (£603) may have overestimated the true costs. This was because the assessment group did not include all relevant costs. In particular, neither models included the costs of admitting patients to hospital the night before a procedure for transfusion or took into account that transfusion costs increase for patients who develop immunity. In addition, using NHS reference costs, Shionogi modelled wasted surgery time for delayed or cancelled procedures, but the assessment group did not. The committee did not see evidence that avatrombopag or lusutrombopag resulted in fewer cancelled or delayed procedures. However, it accepted that there would likely be fewer delays and cancellations with the drugs because of the longer treatment window in which platelet counts are expected to remain high (see section 3.3). The clinical experts explained that, when procedures are cancelled, some resources are redirected elsewhere, but the NHS likely accrues unrecoverable costs. The committee agreed that the models did not take into account all the costs that might be averted.

3.14 The patient and clinical experts explained that they considered avatrombopag and lusutrombopag to be a step change in terms of preparing people with chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia for planned invasive procedures. This is because they are oral treatments that, on average, reduce the need for intravenous platelet transfusion. The committee agreed that benefits not captured in the QALY calculation included:

3.15 The base case from the assessment group showed that, compared with established care without a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, lusutrombopag cost £603 more and was associated with 0.00018 more QALYs. This resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £3.4 million per QALY gained. The committee noted that the ICER was very large, and that the QALY difference was extremely small. The Shionogi base case (updated after consultation on the assessment group report) was £9,599 per QALY gained (incremental costs £38, incremental QALYs 0.0040). The committee agreed that neither Shionogi nor the assessment group modelled the following benefits:

3.16 For some people, using blood products including platelets is against their religious beliefs. The clinical experts explained that the chance of developing antiplatelet antibodies is higher if a person having platelets is of a different ethnic origin to the person donating the platelets. The committee considered that it was possible that the donating population would represent a different ethnic mix than the population with chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia. It agreed that these were not equalities issues because they did not make it any harder for these groups to access thrombopoietin receptor agonists.

3.17 The committee concluded that: