Advice
References
References
Allergan Ltd (2013) Botox 50, 100 and 200 Allergan Units: patient information leaflet. [online accessed 20 May 2013]
Allergan Ltd (2012) Botox 100 Units: summary of product characteristics. [online accessed 20 May 2013]
Arroyo A, Perez F, Serrano P et al. (2005) Surgical versus chemical (botulinum toxin) sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure: long-term results of a prospective randomized clinical and manometric study. The American Journal of Surgery 189: 429–34
Brisinda G, Maria G, Bentivoglio AR et al. (1999) A comparison of injections of botulinum toxin and topical nitroglycerin ointment for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. The New England Journal of Medicine341: 65–9
Brisinda G, Maria G, Sganga G et al. (2002) Effectiveness of higher doses of botulinum toxin to induce healing in patients with chronic anal fissures. Surgery 131: 179–84
Brisinda G, Albanese A, Cadeddu F et al. (2004) Botulinum neurotoxin to treat chronic anal fissure: results of a randomized 'Botox vs. Dysport' controlled trial. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 19: 695–701
Brisinda G, Cadeddu F, Brandara F et al. (2007) Randomized clinical trial comparing botulinum toxin injections with 0.2 per cent nitroglycerin ointment for chronic anal fissure. British Journal of Surgery 94: 162–7
British national formulary (2013) Botulinum toxin type A. [online; accessed 13 May 2013]
British national formulary for children (2013) 4.9.3 Drugs used in essential tremor, chorea, tics, and related disorders. [online; accessed 13 May 2013]
Colak T, Ipek T, Kanik A et al. (2002) A randomized trial of botulinum toxin vs lidocain pomade for chronic anal fissure. Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica 65: 187–90
Cross KLR, Massey EJD, Fowler AL et al. (2008) The management of anal fissure: ACPGBI position statement. Colorectal Disease 10 (Suppl. 3): S1–7
De Nardi P, Ortolano E, Radaelli G et al. (2006) Comparison of glycerine trinitrate and botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: long-term results. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 49: 427–32
Essani R, Sarkisyan G, Beart RW et al. (2005) Cost-saving effect of treatment algorithm for chronic anal fissure: a prospective analysis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 9: 1237–44
Festen S, Gisbertz SS, van Schaagen F et al. (2009) Blinded randomized clinical trial of botulinum toxin versus isosorbide dinitrate ointment for treatment of anal fissure. British Journal of Surgery 96: 1393–9
Gecim I. (2001) Comparison of glyceryl trinitrate and botulinum toxin A in treatment of chronic anal fissure: a prospective, randomized study. Program Abstracts ASCRS San Diego.
General Medical Council (2013) Prescribing guidance: prescribing unlicensed medicines. [online; accessed 13 May 2013]
Iswariah H, Stephens J, Rieger N et al. (2005) Randomized prospective controlled trial of lateral internal sphincterotomy versus injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of idiopathic fissure in ano. ANZ Journal of Surgery 75: 553–5
Lindsey I, Jones O, Cunningham C et al. (2003) Botulinum toxin as second-line therapy for chronic anal fissure failing 0.2 percent glyceryl trinitrate. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 46: 361–6
Maria G, Cassetta E, Gui D et al. (1998) A comparison of botulinum toxin and saline for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. The New England Journal of Medicine 338: 217–20
Maria G, Brisinda G, Bentivoglio AR et al. (2000) Influence of botulinum toxin site of injections on healing rate in patients with chronic anal fissure. The American Journal of Surgery 179: 46–50
Mentes BB, Irkorucu O, Akin M et al. (2003) Comparison of botulinum toxin injection and lateral internal sphincterotomy for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 46: 232–7
MHRA (2007) Drug Safety Update: Botulinum toxin products: rare but serious risk. [online; accessed 13 May 2013]
MHRA (2013) Drug Safety Update: Botulinum toxin type B (Neurobloc): serious known risks such as toxin spread reported mostly with off-label use. [online; accessed 13 May 2013]
MIMS (2013) Botox (Allergan Ltd). [online; accessed 13 May 2013]
MIMS (2013) Dysport (Ipsen Ltd). [online; accessed 13 May 2013]
Minguez M, Herreros B, Espi A et al. (2002) Long-term follow-up (42 months) of chronic anal fissure after healing with botulinum toxin. Gastroenterology 123: 112–7
Nasr M, Ezzat H, Elsebae M (2010) Botulinum toxin injection versus lateral internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a randomized controlled trial. World Journal of Surgery 34: 2730–4
Nelson RL, Thomas K, Morgan J et al. (2012) Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews issue2: CD003431
Nelson R, Chattopadhyay A, Brooks W et al. (2011) Operative procedures for fissure in ano. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews issue 11: CD002199
NHS Choices (2012) Anal fissure. [online; accessed 13 May 2013]
NHS England and Wales (2013) NHS electronic drug tariff. [online; accessed 13 May 2013]
Orsay C, Rakinic J, Perry B et al. (2004) Practice parameters for the management of anal fissures (revised). Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 47: 2003–7
ProStrakan (2012) Rectogesic 4 mg/g rectal ointment summary of product characteristics. [online; accessed 13 May 2013]
Sahakitrungruang C, Vivatvakin B, Chongsrisawat V et al. (2011) Long-term outcome of botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a randomized controlled trial. Asian Biomedicine 5: 397–401
Samim M, Twigt B, Stoker L et al. (2012) Topical diltiazem cream versus botulinum toxin A for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Annals of Surgery 255: 18–22
Siproudhis L, Sebille V, Pigot F et al. (2003) Lack of efficacy of botulinum toxin in chronic anal fissure. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 18: 515–24
Soliman H (2006) Treatment of chronic anal fissure using botulinum toxin injection versus lateral sphincterotomy in: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Kasr El Aini Journal of Surgery 7: 79–86
Suknaic S, Patrlj L, Steresinic M et al. (2008) Surgical or biologic sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Acta Med Croatica 62: 73–80
Uluutku H, Akin ML, Erenoglu C et al. (2001) Efficacy of nifedipine, glyceryl trinitrate and botulinum toxin in treatment of chronic anal fissure. Turkish Journal of Surgery 17: 343–50
Valizadeh N, Jalaly NY, Hassanzadeh M et al. (2012) Botulinum toxin injection versus lateral internal sphincterotomy for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: randomized prospective controlled trial. Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 397: 1093–8
Yiannakopoulou E (2012) Botulinum toxin and anal fissure: efficacy and safety systematic review. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 27: 1–9