Advice
Search strategy and evidence selection
Search strategy
The following databases were searched with the stated search criteria.
Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to Present and Embase 1974 to 2013 November 01
For clinical evidence:
1. Acute kidney injury/ or AKI.mp.
2. Acute renal failure/ or ARF.mp.
3. Reduced urine output.mp.
4. Glomerular filtration rate/
5. Creatinine/
6. or/1-5
7. NGAL.mp.
8. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.mp.
9. Bioporto.mp. = 40
10. LCN2.mp.
11. Lipocalin2.mp.
12. or/7-12
13. Serum creatinine.mp.
14. Urination/
15. (Urine output or urine volume).mp.
16. Jaffe.mp.
17. Enzyme assays/
18. or/13-17
19. 6 and 12 and 18
20. limit 19 to English language
21. limit 20 to human
For economic evidence:
1. Acute kidney injury.mp.
2. AKI.mp.
3. Acute renal failure.mp.
4. ARF.mp.
5. Reduced urine output.mp.
6. Glomerular filtration rate.mp.
7. Creatinine.mp.
8. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7
9. NGAL.mp.
10. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.mp.
11. Bioporto.mp.
12. LCN2.mp.
13. Lipocalin2.mp.
14. 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13
15. cost*.mp.
16. economic*.mp.
17. 15 or 16
18. 8 and 14 and 17
19. limit 18 to english language
20. limit 19 to human
PUBMED
For clinical evidence:
((((NGAL[All Fields] OR (("neutrophils"[MeSH Terms] OR "neutrophils"[All Fields] OR "neutrophil"[All Fields]) AND gelatinase-associated[All Fields] AND ("lipocalins"[MeSH Terms] OR "lipocalins"[All Fields] OR "lipocalin"[All Fields]))) OR Bioporto[All Fields]) OR LCN2[All Fields]) OR lipocalin2[All Fields]) AND ((((("acute kidney injury"[MeSH Terms] OR ("acute"[All Fields] AND "kidney"[All Fields] AND "injury"[All Fields]) OR "acute kidney injury"[All Fields]) OR ("acute kidney injury"[MeSH Terms] OR ("acute"[All Fields] AND "kidney"[All Fields] AND "injury"[All Fields]) OR "acute kidney injury"[All Fields] OR ("acute"[All Fields] AND "renal"[All Fields] AND "failure"[All Fields]) OR "acute renal failure"[All Fields])) OR (Reduced[All Fields] AND ("urine"[Subheading] OR "urine"[All Fields] OR "urine"[MeSH Terms]) AND output[All Fields])) OR ("glomerular filtration rate"[MeSH Terms] OR ("glomerular"[All Fields] AND "filtration"[All Fields] AND "rate"[All Fields]) OR "glomerular filtration rate"[All Fields])) OR ("creatinine"[MeSH Terms] OR "creatinine"[All Fields])) AND ((((((("serum"[MeSH Terms] OR "serum"[All Fields]) AND ("creatinine"[MeSH Terms] OR "creatinine"[All Fields])) OR ("urination"[MeSH Terms] OR "urination"[All Fields])) OR (("urine"[Subheading] OR "urine"[All Fields] OR "urine"[MeSH Terms]) AND output[All Fields])) OR (("urine"[Subheading] OR "urine"[All Fields] OR "urine"[MeSH Terms]) AND volume[All Fields])) OR Jaffe[All Fields]) OR (("metabolism"[Subheading] OR "metabolism"[All Fields] OR "me"[All Fields]) AND assays[All Fields]))
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Issue 11 of 12, November 2013, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials: Issue 10 of 12, October 2013
For clinical evidence:
1. Acute kidney injury or AKI
2. Acute renal failure or ARF
3. Reduced urine output
4. Glomerular filtration rate
5. Creatinine
6. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5
7. NGAL or Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
8. Bioporto
9. LCN2 or Lipocalin2
10. #7 or #8 or #9
11. Serum creatinine
12. Urination
13. Urine output or urine volume
14. Jaffe
15. Enzyme assays
16. #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15
17. 6 and 10 and 16
For economic evidence
1. Acute kidney injury or AKI
2. Acute renal failure or ARF
3. Reduced urine output
4. Glomerular filtration rate
5. Creatinine
6. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5
7. NGAL or Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
8. Bioporto
9. LCN2 or Lipocalin2
10. #7 or #8 or #9
11. cost*
12. economic*
13. #11 or #12
14. #6 and #10 and #13
Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) databases
Only searched for economic evidence:
1. (Acute kidney injury OR AKI) OR (Acute renal failure OR ARF) OR (Reduced urine output) IN DARE, NHSEED, HTA FROM 1960 TO 2013
2. (Glomerular filtration rate) OR (Creatinine) IN DARE, NHSEED, HTA FROM 1960 TO 2013
3. #1 OR #2
4. (NGAL OR Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) OR (Bioporto) OR (LCN2 OR Lipocalin2) IN DARE, NHSEED, HTA FROM 1960 TO 2013
5. (cost) OR (economic) IN DARE, NHSEED, HTA FROM 1960 TO 2013
6. #3 AND #4 AND #5
Evidence selection
For the clinical evidence:
Total number of abstracts: 1063
Duplicates: 194
Abstracts/full papers reviewed: 869
(Note: the nature of this literature review needed 2‑stage reading of the full papers to first exclude many studies that used a different test for NGAL. Tests from different manufacturers and BioPorto's ELISA test for NGAL had to be excluded manually).
Exclusion criteria: case studies, editorials, letters, reviews, conference proceedings/abstracts, animal studies, and non-English language studies, not using The NGAL Test manufactured by BioPorto for detection of urinary or serum NGAL levels in relation to Acute Kidney Injury (particle enhanced turbidimetric immune assays were assumed to be the correct test).
Studies for Review: 6
For clinical trials:
Total number of studies: 102
76 of these studies were not relevant to acute kidney injury or used an alternative test to measure NGAL.
In the remaining 26 studies, it was not possible to identify the method used for NGAL measurement.
No studies were found that explicitly used The NGAL Test (BioPorto).