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    Interventional procedure overview of percutaneous thoracic duct embolisation for persistent chyle leak

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    Validity and generalisability of the studies

    • There are no prospective studies comparing percutaneous TDE with other treatments for managing chyle leaks. Studies were mainly retrospective analyses, heterogenous in terms of patient cohorts (with no clear definitions of chyle leak), aetiologies, and outcomes.

    • In 1 study retrograde thoracic duct access was used as a bail out approach in very few cases.

    • Quality of life was not assessed in any of the studies.