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    Methods

    NICE identified studies and reviews relevant to epidermal radiotherapy using rhenium-188 paste from the medical literature. The following databases were searched between the date they started to 28th April 2023: MEDLINE, PREMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and other databases. Trial registries and the internet were also searched (see the literature search strategy). Relevant published studies identified during consultation or resolution that are published after this date may also be considered for inclusion.

    The following inclusion criteria were applied to the abstracts identified by the literature search.

    • Publication type: clinical studies were included with emphasis on identifying good quality studies. Abstracts were excluded if they did not report clinical outcomes. Reviews, editorials, and laboratory or animal studies, were also excluded and so were conference abstracts, because of the difficulty of appraising study methodology, unless they reported specific adverse events that not available in the published literature.

    • Patients with non-melanoma skin cancer.

    • Intervention or test: Rhenium-188 paste.

    • Outcome: articles were retrieved if the abstract contained information relevant to the safety, efficacy, or both.

    If selection criteria could not be determined from the abstracts the full paper was retrieved.

    Potentially relevant studies not included in the main evidence summary are listed in the section on other relevant studies.

    Find out more about how NICE selects the evidence for the committee.

    Table 4 literature search strategy

    Databases

    Date searched

    Version/files

    MEDLINE (Ovid)

    28/04/2023

    1946 to April 27, 2023

    MEDLINE In-Process (Ovid)

    28/04/2023

    1946 to April 27, 2023

    MEDLINE Epubs ahead of print (Ovid)

    28/04/2023

    April 27, 2023

    EMBASE (Ovid)

    28/04/2023

    1974 to April 27, 2023

    EMBASE Conference (Ovid)

    28/04/2023

    1974 to April 27, 2023

    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews – CDSR (Cochrane Library)

    28/04/2023

    Issue 4 of 12, April 2023

    Cochrane Central Database of Controlled Trials – CENTRAL (Cochrane Library)

    28/04/2023

    Issue 4 of 12, April 2023

    International HTA database (INAHTA)

    28/04/2023

    -

    Trial sources searched

    • Clinicaltrials.gov

    • ISRCTN

    • WHO International Clinical Trials Registry

    Websites searched

    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

    • NHS England

    • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - MAUDE database

    • Australian Safety and Efficacy Register of New Interventional Procedures – Surgical (ASERNIP – S)

    • Australia and New Zealand Horizon Scanning Network (ANZHSN)

    • General internet search

    The following search strategy was used to identify papers in MEDLINE. A similar strategy was used to identify papers in other databases.

    MEDLINE search strategy

    1 (("non melanoma*" or non-melanoma* or nonmelanoma*) adj4 skin adj4 (cancer* or tumo?r* or neoplasm* or carcinoma*)).tw. 5401

    2 NMSC.tw. 1407

    3 Carcinoma, Basal Cell/ 18639

    4 (Basal Cell adj4 (Carcinoma* or Epithelioma*)).tw. 14713

    5 (Rodent adj4 Ulcer*).tw. 99

    6 Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/ 140111

    7 ((Squamous or Epidermoid or Planocellular) adj4 carcinoma*).tw. 112747

    8 (BCC or SCC).tw. 25717

    9 (keratinocyte adj4 (cancer* or tumo?r* or neoplasm* or carcinoma*)).tw. 868

    10 or/1-9 198634

    11 Rhenium/ 2170

    12 ((Rhenium adj2 "188") or "Rhenium-188").tw. 283

    13 Brachytherapy/ 21695

    14 (brachytherap* or curietherap*).tw. 17481

    15 13 or 14 25127

    16 ((High adj4 dose) or HDR or (Dermo adj4 beta)).tw. 118264

    17 15 and 16 5090

    18 (((beta adj4 emitter) or epiderm*) adj4 radioisotope*).tw. 4

    19 (radioactive adj4 resin*).tw. 40

    20 11 or 12 or 17 or 18 or 19 7359

    21 10 and 20 620

    22 (Oncobeta or Rhenium-SCT).tw. 2

    23 21 or 22 620

    24 Animals/ not Humans/ 5081619

    25 23 not 24 611