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    The content on this page is not current guidance and is only for the purposes of the consultation process.

    Methods

    NICE identified studies and reviews relevant to temperature control to improve neurological outcomes after cardiac arrest from the medical literature. The following databases were searched between the date they started to 30-04-2023: MEDLINE, PREMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and other databases. Trial registries and the internet were also searched (see the literature search strategy). Relevant published studies identified during consultation or resolution that are published after this date may also be considered for inclusion.

    The following inclusion criteria were applied to the abstracts identified by the literature search.

    • Publication type: only systematic reviews, meta-analysis and RCTs on TTM were included. Secondary analyses or sub-studies of larger RCTs, non-randomised studies, observational studies, case reports, reviews, abstracts, editorials, letters to the editor, commentary and laboratory or animal studies, were excluded and so were conference abstracts, unless they reported specific adverse events that not available in the published literature.

    • Adult patients with cardiac arrest.

    • Intervention or test: temperature control/targeted temperature management.

    • Outcome: articles were retrieved if the abstract contained information relevant to the safety, efficacy (mainly focusing on neurological outcomes), or both.

    If selection criteria could not be determined from the abstracts the full paper was retrieved.

    Potentially relevant studies not included in the main evidence summary are listed in the section on other relevant studies.

    Find out more about how NICE selects the evidence for the committee.

    Table 4 literature search strategy

    Databases

    Date searched

    Version/files

    MEDLINE (Ovid)

    12/04/2023

    1946 to April 11, 2023

    MEDLINE In-Process (Ovid)

    12/04/2023

    1946 to April 11, 2023

    MEDLINE Epubs ahead of print (Ovid)

    12/04/2023

    April 11, 2023

    EMBASE (Ovid)

    12/04/2023

    1974 to 2023 April 11

    EMBASE Conference (Ovid)

    12/04/2023

    1974 to 2023 April 11

    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews – CDSR (Cochrane Library)

    12/04/2023

    Issue 4 of 12, April 2023

    Cochrane Central Database of Controlled Trials – CENTRAL (Cochrane Library)

    12/04/2023

    Issue 4 of 12, April 2023

    International HTA database (INAHTA)

    12/04/2023

    -

    Trial sources searched

    • Clinicaltrials.gov

    • ISRCTN

    • WHO International Clinical Trials Registry

    Websites searched

    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

    • NHS England

    • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - MAUDE database

    • Australian Safety and Efficacy Register of New Interventional Procedures – Surgical (ASERNIP – S)

    • Australia and New Zealand Horizon Scanning Network (ANZHSN)

    • General internet search

    The MEDLINE search strategy was translated for use in the other sources.

    MEDLINE search strategy

    1 Hypothermia, Induced/

    2 Cold Temperature/

    3 TTM.tw.

    4 (Target adj4 temperat* adj4 manage*).tw.

    5 ((Therapeut* or Protect* or Induc*) adj4 hypother*).tw.

    6 (temperature adj4 (manage* or target*) adj4 (cool* or chill* or reduce* or low* or cold*)).tw.

    7 (control* adj4 normoth*).tw.

    8 (Intravascular adj4 cool*).tw.

    9 ((Cool* or chill*) adj4 (device or blank*)).tw.

    10 or/1-9

    11 Heart Arrest/

    12 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/

    13 ((cardiac* or heart* or postcard*) adj4 arrest).tw.

    14 (cardiopulmon* adj4 resuscitat*).tw.

    15 Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/

    16 (out of hospital adj4 (cardiac* or heart*) adj4 arrest*).tw.

    17 or/11-16

    18 10 and 17

    19 Thermogard.tw.

    20 RhinoChill.tw.

    21 Medicool.tw.

    22 Arctic Sun.tw.

    23 coolgard.tw.

    24 or/19-23

    25 18 or 24

    26 Animals/ not Humans/

    27 25 not 26

    28 limit 27 to english language

    29 limit 27 to ed=20120101-20220930

    30 limit 29 to ed=20220801-20230430