Interventional procedure overview of balloon disimpaction of the baby's head at emergency caesarean during the second stage of labour
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Outcome measures
The main maternal outcomes reported in the evidence included uterine incision extension, uterine wall rupture, blood loss, operative time (including incision to delivery time) and length of hospital stay. The main neonatal outcomes included Apgar score, admission to neonatal intensive care, umbilical cord arterial pH and birth trauma. The measures used are detailed in the following paragraphs.
Apgar score
The Apgar score is used to assess the clinical status of newborn infants after delivery. The score has 5 components: skin colour, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respiration, each of which is given a score of 0, 1, or 2. The score is reported at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth for all infants, and subsequently if needed. An Apgar score of 7 or above is usually considered to be reassuring.
Umbilical cord arterial pH
Low arterial umbilical cord pH is associated with neonatal mortality and morbidity. Acidosis is usually defined as pH 7.0 or lower.
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