Depression in children and young people: identification and management

Consideration should be given to providing psychological therapies in the language of the child or young person and their family or carers where the patient's and/or their family's or carer's first language is not English. If this is not possible, an interpreter should be sought. [2005]

Healthcare professionals in primary, secondary and relevant community settings should be trained in cultural competence to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in children and young people from black, Asian and minority ethnic groups. This training should take into consideration the impact of the patient's and healthcare professional's racial identity status on the patient's depression. [2005]

Healthcare professionals working with interpreters should be provided with joint training opportunities with those interpreters, to ensure that both healthcare professionals and interpreters understand the specific requirements of interpretation in a mental health setting. [2005]

When assessing a child or young person with depression, healthcare professionals should routinely consider, and record in the patient's notes, potential comorbidities, and the social, educational and family context for the patient and family members, including the quality of interpersonal relationships, both between the patient and other family members and with their friends and peers. [2005]

In the assessment of a child or young person with depression, healthcare professionals should always ask the patient and their parents or carers directly about the child or young person's alcohol and drug use, any experience of being bullied or abused, self‑harm and ideas about suicide. A young person should be offered the opportunity to discuss these issues initially in private. [2005]

If a child or young person with depression presents acutely having self‑harmed, the immediate management should follow NICE's guideline on self-harm as this applies to children and young people, paying particular attention to the guidance on consent and capacity. Further management should then follow this depression guideline. [2005]

In the assessment of a child or young person with depression, healthcare professionals should always ask the patient, and be prepared to give advice, about self‑help materials or other methods used or considered potentially helpful by the patient or their parents or carers. This may include educational leaflets, helplines, self‑diagnosis tools, peer, social and family support groups, complementary therapies and faith groups. [2005]

Healthcare professionals should only recommend self‑help materials or strategies as part of a supported and planned package of care. [2005]

For any child or young person with suspected mood disorder, a family history should be obtained to check for unipolar or bipolar depression in parents and grandparents. [2005]

When a child or young person has been diagnosed with depression, consideration should be given to the possibility of parental depression, parental substance misuse, or other mental health problems and associated problems of living, as these are often associated with depression in a child or young person and, if untreated, may have a negative impact on the success of treatment offered to the child or young person. [2005]

When the clinical progress of children and young people with depression is being monitored in secondary care, the self‑report Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) should be considered as an adjunct to clinical judgement. [2005]

Healthcare professionals specialising in depression in children and young people should work with local child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) to enhance specialist knowledge and skills regarding depression in these existing services. This work should include providing training and help with guideline implementation. [2005]

CAMHS and local healthcare commissioning organisations should consider introducing a primary mental health worker (or CAMHS link worker) into each secondary school and secondary pupil referral unit as part of tier 2 provision within the locality. [2005]

Primary mental health workers (or CAMHS link workers) should establish clear lines of communication between CAMHS and tier 1 or 2, with named contact people in each tier or service, and develop systems for the collaborative planning of services for young people with depression in tiers 1 and 2. [2005]

CAMHS and local healthcare commissioning organisations should routinely monitor the rates of detection, referral and treatment of children and young people, from all ethnic groups, with mental health problems, including those with depression, in local schools and primary care. This information should be used for planning services and made available for local, regional and national comparison. [2005]

All healthcare and CAMHS professionals should routinely use, and record in the notes, appropriate outcome measures (such as those self‑report measures used in screening for depression or generic outcome measures used by particular services, for example Health of the Nation Outcome Scale for Children and Adolescents [HoNOSCA] or Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ]), for the assessment and treatment of depression in children and young people. This information should be used for planning services, and made available for local, regional and national comparison. [2005]

Most children and young people with depression should be treated on an outpatient or community basis. [2005]

Before any treatment is started, healthcare professionals should assess, together with the young person, the social network around him or her. This should include a written formulation, identifying factors that may have contributed to the development and maintenance of depression, and that may impact both positively or negatively on the efficacy of the treatments offered. The formulation should also indicate ways that the healthcare professionals may work in partnership with the social and professional network of the young person. [2005]

When bullying is considered to be a factor in a child or young person's depression, CAMHS, primary care and educational professionals should work collaboratively to prevent bullying and to develop effective antibullying strategies. [2005]

Psychological therapies used in the treatment of children and young people with depression should be provided by therapists who are also trained in child and adolescent mental health. [2005]

Psychological therapies used in the treatment of children and young people with depression should be provided by healthcare professionals who have been trained to an appropriate level of competence in the specific modality of psychological therapy being offered. [2005]

Therapists should develop a treatment alliance with the family. If this proves difficult, consideration should be given to providing the family with an alternative therapist. [2005]

Comorbid diagnoses and developmental, social and educational problems should be assessed and managed, either in sequence or in parallel, with the treatment for depression. Where appropriate this should be done through consultation and alliance with a wider network of education and social care. [2005]

Attention should be paid to the possible need for parents' own psychiatric problems (particularly depression) to be treated in parallel, if the child or young person's mental health is to improve. If such a need is identified, then a plan for obtaining such treatment should be made, bearing in mind the availability of adult mental health provision and other services. [2005]

A child or young person with depression should be offered advice on the benefits of regular exercise and encouraged to consider following a structured and supervised exercise programme of typically up to 3 sessions per week of moderate duration (45 minutes to 1 hour) for between 10 and 12 weeks. [2005]

A child or young person with depression should be offered advice about sleep hygiene and anxiety management. [2005]

A child or young person with depression should be offered advice about nutrition and the benefits of a balanced diet. [2005]

Healthcare professionals in primary care, schools and other relevant community settings should be trained to detect symptoms of depression, and to assess children and young people who may be at risk of depression. Training should include the evaluation of recent and past psychosocial risk factors, such as age, gender, family discord, bullying, physical, sexual or emotional abuse, comorbid disorders, including drug and alcohol use, and a history of parental depression; the natural history of single loss events; the importance of multiple risk factors; ethnic and cultural factors; and factors known to be associated with a high risk of depression and other health problems, such as homelessness, refugee status and living in institutional settings. [2005]

Healthcare professionals in primary care, schools and other relevant community settings should be trained in communications skills such as 'active listening' and 'conversational technique', so that they can deal confidently with the acute sadness and distress ('situational dysphoria') that may be encountered in children and young people following recent undesirable events. [2005]

Healthcare professionals in primary care settings should be familiar with screening for mood disorders. They should have regular access to specialist supervision and consultation. [2005]

Healthcare professionals in primary care, schools and other relevant community settings who are providing support for a child or young person with situational dysphoria should consider ongoing social and environmental factors if the dysphoria becomes more persistent. [2005]

CAMHS tier 2 or 3 should work with health and social care professionals in primary care, schools and other relevant community settings to provide training and develop ethnically and culturally sensitive systems for detecting, assessing, supporting and referring children and young people who are either depressed or at significant risk of becoming depressed. [2005]

In the provision of training by CAMHS professionals for healthcare professionals in primary care, schools and relevant community settings, priority should be given to the training of pastoral support staff in schools (particularly secondary schools), community paediatricians and GPs. [2005]

When a child or young person is exposed to a single recent undesirable life event, such as bereavement, parental divorce or separation or a severely disappointing experience, healthcare professionals in primary care, schools and other relevant community settings should undertake an assessment of the risks of depression associated with the event and make contact with their parents or carers to help integrate parental/carer and professional responses. The risk profile should be recorded in the child or young person's records. [2005]

When a child or young person is exposed to a single recent undesirable life event, such as bereavement, parental divorce or separation or a severely disappointing experience, in the absence of other risk factors for depression, healthcare professionals in primary care, schools and other relevant community settings should offer support and the opportunity to talk over the event with the child or young person. [2005]

Following an undesirable event, a child or young person should not normally be referred for further assessment or treatment, as single events are unlikely to lead to a depressive illness. [2005]

A child or young person who has been exposed to a recent undesirable life event, such as bereavement, parental divorce or separation or a severely disappointing experience and is identified to be at high risk of depression (the presence of 2 or more other risk factors for depression), should be offered the opportunity to talk over their recent negative experiences with a professional in tier 1 and assessed for depression. Early referral should be considered if there is evidence of depression and/or self-harm. [2005]

When a child or young person is exposed to a recent undesirable life event, such as bereavement, parental divorce or separation or a severely disappointing experience, and where 1 or more family members (parents or children) have multiple risk histories for depression, they should be offered the opportunity to talk over their recent negative experiences with a professional in tier 1 and assessed for depression. Early referral should be considered if there is evidence of depression and/or self-harm. [2005]

If children and young people who have previously recovered from moderate or severe depression begin to show signs of a recurrence of depression, healthcare professionals in primary care, schools or other relevant community settings should refer them to CAMHS tier 2 or 3 for rapid assessment. [2005]

For children and young people, the following factors should be used by healthcare professionals as indications that management can remain at tier 1:

• exposure to a single undesirable event in the absence of other risk factors for depression

• exposure to a recent undesirable life event in the presence of 2 or more other risk factors with no evidence of depression and/or self‑harm

• exposure to a recent undesirable life event, where 1 or more family members (parents or children) have multiple‑risk histories for depression, providing that there is no evidence of depression and/or self‑harm in the child or young person

• mild depression without comorbidity. [2005]

For children and young people, the following factors should be used by healthcare professionals as criteria for referral to tier 2 or 3 CAMHS:

• depression with 2 or more other risk factors for depression

• depression where 1 or more family members (parents or children) have multiple‑risk histories for depression

• mild depression in those who have not responded to interventions in tier 1 after 2 to 3 months

• moderate or severe depression (including psychotic depression)

• signs of a recurrence of depression in those who have recovered from previous moderate or severe depression

• unexplained self‑neglect of at least 1 month's duration that could be harmful to their physical health

• active suicidal ideas or plans

• referral requested by a young person or their parents or carers. [2005]

For children and young people, the following factors should be used by healthcare professionals as criteria for referral to tier 4 services:

• high recurrent risk of acts of self‑harm or suicide

• significant ongoing self‑neglect (such as poor personal hygiene or significant reduction in eating that could be harmful to their physical health)

• requirement for intensity of assessment/treatment and/or level of supervision that is not available in tier 2 or 3. [2005]

For children and young people with diagnosed mild depression who do not want an intervention or who, in the opinion of the healthcare professional, may recover with no intervention, a further assessment should be arranged, normally within 2 weeks ('watchful waiting'). [2005]

Healthcare professionals should make contact with children and young people with depression who do not attend follow‑up appointments. [2005]

Antidepressant medication should not be used for the initial treatment of children and young people with mild depression. [2005]

Discuss the choice of psychological therapies with children and young people with mild depression and their family members or carers (as appropriate). Explain:

• what the different therapies involve

• the evidence for each age group (including the limited evidence for 5- to 11‑year‑olds)

• how the therapies could meet individual needs, preferences and values. [2019]

Base the choice of psychological therapy on:

• a full assessment of needs, including:

  • the circumstances of the child or young person and their family members or carers

  • their clinical and personal/social history and presentation

  • their maturity and developmental level

  • the context in which treatment is to be provided

  • comorbidities, neurodevelopmental disorders, communication needs (language, sensory impairment) and learning disabilities

• patient and carer preferences and values (as appropriate). [2019]

For 5- to 11‑year‑olds with mild depression continuing after 2 weeks of watchful waiting, and without significant comorbid problems or active suicidal ideas or plans, consider the following options adapted to developmental level as needed:

• digital cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT)

• group CBT

• group non-directive supportive therapy (NDST)

• group interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT).
  
  If these options would not meet the child's clinical needs or are unsuitable for their circumstances, consider the following adapted to developmental level as needed:

• attachment-based family therapy

• individual CBT. [2019]

For 12- to 18‑year‑olds with mild depression continuing after 2 weeks of watchful waiting, and without significant comorbid problems or active suicidal ideas or plans, offer a choice of the following psychological therapies for a limited period (approximately 2 to 3 months):

• digital CBT

• group CBT

• group NDST

• group IPT. [2019]

If the options in recommendation 1.5.7 would not meet the clinical needs of a 12- to 18‑year‑old with mild depression or are unsuitable for their circumstances, consider:

• attachment-based family therapy or

• individual CBT. [2019]

Provide psychological therapies in settings such as schools and colleges, primary care, social services and the voluntary sector. [2019]

If mild depression in a child or young person has not responded to psychological therapy after 2 to 3 months (recommendations 1.5.6 to 1.5.8 and table 1), refer the child or young person for review by a CAMHS team. [2019]

Follow the recommendations on treating moderate to severe depression for children and young people who have continuing depression after 2 to 3 months of psychological therapy (see the section on moderate to severe depression). [2019]

Children and young people presenting with moderate to severe depression should be reviewed by a CAMHS team. [2019]

Discuss the choice of psychological therapies with children and young people with moderate to severe depression and their family members or carers (as appropriate). Explain:

• what the different therapies involve

• the evidence for each age group (including the limited evidence for 5- to 11‑year‑olds)

• how the therapies could meet individual needs, preferences and values. [2019]

Base the choice of psychological therapy on:

• a full assessment of needs, including:

  • the circumstances of the child or young person and their family members or carers

  • their clinical and personal/social history and presentation

  • their maturity and developmental level

  • the context in which treatment is to be provided

  • comorbidities, neurodevelopmental disorders, communication needs (language, sensory impairment) and learning disabilities

• patient and carer preferences and values (as appropriate). [2019]

For 5- to 11‑year‑olds with moderate to severe depression, consider the following options adapted to developmental level as needed:

• family-based IPT

• family therapy (family-focused treatment for childhood depression and systems integrative family therapy)

• psychodynamic psychotherapy

• individual CBT. [2019]

For 12- to 18‑year‑olds with moderate to severe depression, offer individual CBT for at least 3 months. [2019]

If individual CBT would not meet the clinical needs of a 12- to 18‑year‑old with moderate to severe depression or is unsuitable for their circumstances, consider the following options:

• IPT-A (IPT for adolescents)

• family therapy (attachment-based or systemic)

• brief psychosocial intervention

• psychodynamic psychotherapy. [2019]

Consider combined therapy (fluoxetine and psychological therapy) for initial treatment of moderate to severe depression in young people (12 to 18 years), as an alternative to psychological therapy followed by combined therapy and to recommendations 1.6.8 to 1.6.10. [2015]

In June 2019, this was an off-label use of fluoxetine for initial combination use (fluoxetine with psychological therapy) in children and young people who have not previously had a trial of psychological therapy on its own. See NICE's information on prescribing medicines.

If moderate to severe depression in a child or young person is unresponsive to psychological therapy after 4 to 6 treatment sessions, a multidisciplinary review should be carried out. [2005]

Following multidisciplinary review, if the child or young person's depression is not responding to psychological therapy as a result of other coexisting factors such as the presence of comorbid conditions, persisting psychosocial risk factors such as family discord, or the presence of parental mental ill‑health, alternative or perhaps additional psychological therapy for the parent or other family members, or alternative psychological therapy for the patient, should be considered. [2005]

Following multidisciplinary review, offer fluoxetine if moderate to severe depression in a young person (12 to 18 years) is unresponsive to a specific psychological therapy after 4 to 6 sessions. [2015]

In June 2019, fluoxetine was the only antidepressant with UK marketing authorisation for use in this indication for children and young people aged 8 to 18 years.

Following multidisciplinary review, cautiously consider fluoxetine if moderate to severe depression in a child (5 to 11 years) is unresponsive to a specific psychological therapy after 4 to 6 sessions, although the evidence for fluoxetine's effectiveness in this age group is not established. [2015]

In June 2019, this was an off-label use of fluoxetine in children under the age of 8 years. See NICE's information on prescribing medicines.

If moderate to severe depression in a child or young person is unresponsive to combined treatment with a specific psychological therapy and fluoxetine after a further 6 sessions, or the patient and/or their parents or carers have declined the offer of fluoxetine, the multidisciplinary team should make a full needs and risk assessment. This should include a review of the diagnosis, examination of the possibility of comorbid diagnoses, reassessment of the possible individual, family and social causes of depression, consideration of whether there has been a fair trial of treatment, and assessment for further psychological therapy for the patient and/or additional help for the family. [2005]

Following multidisciplinary review, the following should be considered:

• an alternative psychological therapy, which has not been tried previously (individual CBT, interpersonal therapy or shorter‑term family therapy, of at least 3 months' duration) or

• systemic family therapy (at least 15 fortnightly sessions) or

• psychodynamic psychotherapy (approximately 30 weekly sessions). [2005]

Do not offer antidepressant medication to a child or young person with moderate to severe depression except in combination with a concurrent psychological therapy. Specific arrangements must be made for careful monitoring of adverse drug reactions, as well as for reviewing mental state and general progress; for example, weekly contact with the child or young person and their parents or carers for the first 4 weeks of treatment. The precise frequency will need to be decided on an individual basis, and recorded in the notes. In the event that psychological therapies are declined, medication may still be given, but as the young person will not be reviewed at psychological therapy sessions, the prescribing doctor should closely monitor the child or young person's progress on a regular basis and focus particularly on emergent adverse drug reactions. [2015]

If an antidepressant is to be prescribed this should only be following assessment and diagnosis by a child and adolescent psychiatrist. [2005]

When an antidepressant is prescribed to a child or young person with moderate to severe depression, it should be fluoxetine as this is the only antidepressant for which clinical trial evidence shows that the benefits outweigh the risks. [2005]

In June 2019, this was an off-label use of fluoxetine in children under the age of 8 years. See NICE's information on prescribing medicines.

If a child or young person is started on antidepressant medication, they (and their parents or carers, as appropriate) should be informed about the rationale for the drug treatment, the delay in onset of effect, the time course of treatment, the possible side effects, and the need to take the medication as prescribed. Discussion of these issues should be supplemented by written information appropriate to the child or young person's and parents' or carers' needs that covers the issues described above and includes the latest patient information advice from the relevant regulatory authority. [2005]

A child or young person prescribed an antidepressant should be closely monitored for the appearance of suicidal behaviour, self‑harm or hostility, particularly at the beginning of treatment, by the prescribing doctor and the healthcare professional delivering the psychological therapy. Unless it is felt that medication needs to be started immediately, symptoms that might be subsequently interpreted as side effects should be monitored for 7 days before prescribing. Once medication is started the patient and their parents or carers should be informed that if there is any sign of new symptoms of these kinds, urgent contact should be made with the prescribing doctor. [2005]

When fluoxetine is prescribed for a child or young person with depression, the starting dose should be 10 mg daily. This can be increased to 20 mg daily after 1 week if clinically necessary, although lower doses should be considered in children of lower body weight. There is little evidence regarding the effectiveness of doses higher than 20 mg daily. However, higher doses may be considered in older children of higher body weight and/or when, in severe illness, an early clinical response is considered a priority. [2005]

In June 2019, this was an off-label use of fluoxetine in children under the age of 8 years. See NICE's information on prescribing medicines.

When an antidepressant is prescribed in the treatment of a child or young person with depression and a self‑report rating scale is used as an adjunct to clinical judgement, this should be a recognised scale such as the MFQ. [2005]

When a child or young person responds to treatment with fluoxetine, medication should be continued for at least 6 months after remission (defined as no symptoms and full functioning for at least 8 weeks); in other words, for 6 months after this 8‑week period. [2005]

In June 2019, this was an off-label use of fluoxetine in children under the age of 8 years. See NICE's information on prescribing medicines.

If treatment with fluoxetine is unsuccessful or is not tolerated because of side effects, consideration should be given to the use of another antidepressant. In this case sertraline or citalopram are the recommended second‑line treatments. [2005]

In June 2019, the use in children and young people under 18 of citalopram and sertraline was off label. See NICE's information on prescribing medicines.

Sertraline or citalopram should only be used when the following criteria have been met:

• The child or young person and their parents or carers have been fully involved in discussions about the likely benefits and risks of the new treatment and have been provided with appropriate written information. This information should cover the rationale for the drug treatment, the delay in onset of effect, the time course of treatment, the possible side effects, and the need to take the medication as prescribed; it should also include the latest patient information advice from the relevant regulatory authority.

• The child or young person's depression is sufficiently severe and/or causing sufficiently serious symptoms (such as weight loss or suicidal behaviour) to justify a trial of another antidepressant.

• There is clear evidence that there has been a fair trial of the combination of fluoxetine and a psychological therapy (in other words, that all efforts have been made to ensure adherence to the recommended treatment regimen).

• There has been a reassessment of the likely causes of the depression and of treatment resistance (for example other diagnoses such as bipolar disorder or substance misuse).

• There has been advice from a senior child and adolescent psychiatrist – usually a consultant.

• The child or young person and/or someone with parental responsibility for the child or young person (or the young person alone, if over 16 or deemed competent) has signed an appropriate and valid consent form. [2005]
  
  See the MHRA's drug safety update on QT prolongation with citalopram and escitalopram.

When a child or young person responds to treatment with citalopram or sertraline, medication should be continued for at least 6 months after remission (defined as no symptoms and full functioning for at least 8 weeks). [2005]

When an antidepressant other than fluoxetine is prescribed for a child or young person with depression, the starting dose should be half the daily starting dose for adults. This can be gradually increased to the daily dose for adults over the next 2 to 4 weeks if clinically necessary, although lower doses should be considered in children with lower body weight. There is little evidence regarding the effectiveness of the upper daily doses for adults in children and young people, but these may be considered in older children of higher body weight and/or when, in severe illness, an early clinical response is considered a priority. [2005]

Paroxetine and venlafaxine should not be used for the treatment of depression in children and young people. [2005]

Tricyclic antidepressants should not be used for the treatment of depression in children and young people. [2005]

Where antidepressant medication is to be discontinued, the drug should be phased out over a period of 6 to 12 weeks with the exact dose being titrated against the level of discontinuation/withdrawal symptoms. [2005]

As with all other medications, consideration should be given to possible drug interactions when prescribing medication for depression in children and young people. This should include possible interactions with complementary and alternative medicines as well as with alcohol and 'recreational' drugs. [2005]

Although there is some evidence that St John's wort may be of some benefit in adults with mild to moderate depression, this cannot be assumed for children or young people, for whom there are no trials upon which to make a clinical decision. Moreover, it has an unknown side‑effect profile and is known to interact with a number of other drugs, including contraceptives. Therefore St John's wort should not be prescribed for the treatment of depression in children and young people. [2005]

A child or young person with depression who is taking St John's wort as an over-the-counter preparation should be informed of the risks and advised to discontinue treatment while being monitored for recurrence of depression and assessed for alternative treatments in accordance with this guideline. [2005]

For children and young people with psychotic depression, augmenting the current treatment plan with a second-generation antipsychotic medication should be considered, although the optimum dose and duration of treatment are unknown. [2005]

In June 2019, the use of all second-generation antipsychotics for children and young people under 18 was off label. See NICE's information on prescribing medicines.

Children and young people prescribed a second-generation antipsychotic medication should be monitored carefully for side effects. [2005]

Inpatient treatment should be considered for children and young people who present with a high risk of suicide, high risk of serious self‑harm or high risk of self‑neglect, and/or when the intensity of treatment (or supervision) needed is not available elsewhere, or when intensive assessment is indicated. [2005]

When considering admission for a child or young person with depression, the benefits of inpatient treatment need to be balanced against potential detrimental effects, for example loss of family and community support. [2005]

When inpatient treatment is indicated, CAMHS professionals should involve the child or young person and their parents or carers in the admission and treatment process whenever possible. [2005]

Commissioners should ensure that inpatient treatment is available within reasonable travelling distance to enable the involvement of families and maintain social links. [2005]

Commissioners should ensure that inpatient services are able to admit a young person within an appropriate timescale, including immediate admission if necessary. [2005]

Inpatient services should have a range of interventions available including medication, individual and group psychological therapies and family support. [2005]

Inpatient facilities should be age appropriate and culturally enriching, with the capacity to provide appropriate educational and recreational activities. [2005]

Planning for aftercare arrangements should take place before admission or as early as possible after admission and should be based on the Care Programme Approach. [2005]

Tier 4 CAMHS professionals involved in assessing children or young people for possible inpatient admission should be specifically trained in issues of consent and capacity, the use of current mental health legislation and the use of childcare laws, as they apply to this group of patients. [2005]

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) should only be considered for young people with very severe depression and either life‑threatening symptoms (such as suicidal behaviour) or intractable and severe symptoms that have not responded to other treatments. [2005]

ECT should be used extremely rarely in young people and only after careful assessment by a practitioner experienced in its use and only in a specialist environment in accordance with NICE recommendations. [2005]

ECT is not recommended in the treatment of depression in children (5 to 11 years). [2005]

When a child or young person is in remission (fewer than 2 symptoms and full functioning for at least 8 weeks), they should be reviewed regularly for 12 months by an experienced CAMHS professional. The exact frequency of contact should be agreed between the CAMHS professional and the child or young person and/or the parents or carers and recorded in the notes. At the end of this period, if remission is maintained, the young person can be discharged to primary care. [2005]

CAMHS should keep primary care professionals up to date about progress and the need for monitoring of the child or young person in primary care. CAMHS should also inform relevant primary care professionals within 2 weeks of a patient being discharged and should provide advice about whom to contact in the event of a recurrence of depressive symptoms. [2005]

Children and young people who have been successfully treated and discharged but then re‑referred should be seen as soon as possible rather than placed on a routine waiting list. [2005]

Specific follow‑up psychological therapy sessions to reduce the likelihood of, or at least detect, a recurrence of depression should be considered for children and young people who are at a high risk of relapse (for example individuals who have already experienced 2 prior episodes, those who have high levels of subsyndromal symptoms, or those who remain exposed to multiple‑risk circumstances). [2005]

CAMHS specialists should teach recognition of illness features, early warning signs, and subthreshold disorders to tier 1 professionals, children or young people with recurrent depression and their families and carers. Self‑management techniques may help individuals to avoid and/or cope with trigger factors. [2005]

When a child or young person with recurrent depression is in remission (fewer than 2 symptoms and full functioning for at least 8 weeks), they should be reviewed regularly for 24 months by an experienced CAMHS professional. The exact frequency of contact should be agreed between the CAMHS professional and the child or young person and/or the parents or carers and recorded in the notes. At the end of this period, if remission is maintained, the young person can be discharged to primary care. [2005]

Children and young people with recurrent depression who have been successfully treated and discharged but then re‑referred should be seen as a matter of urgency. [2005]