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    Interventional procedure overview of minimally invasive fusionless posterior-approach surgery to correct idiopathic scoliosis in children and young people

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    Outcome measures

    The main outcomes included were curve correction and PROMs. The measures used are detailed in the following paragraphs.

    The Cobb angle is used to quantify the magnitude of spinal deformities, especially in the case of scoliosis, on plain radiographs. Scoliosis is defined as a lateral spinal curvature with a Cobb angle of 10° or more. A Cobb angle can also aid kyphosis or lordosis assessment in the sagittal plane. Overall, if a greater than 10° change in Cobb angle is measured, it is 95% likely to represent a true difference.

    The Risser classification is used to grade skeletal maturity and the potential for future growth based on the level of ossification and fusion of the iliac crest apophyses. It is primarily used in planning corrective surgery for scoliosis andconsists of stage 0 to 5:

    • stage 0: no ossification centre at the level of iliac crest apophysis

    • stage 1: apophysis under 25% of the iliac crest

    • stage 2: apophysis over 25% to 50% of the iliac crest

    • stage 3: apophysis over 50% to 75% of the iliac crest

    • stage 4: apophysis over 75% of the iliac crest

    • stage 5: complete ossification and fusion of the iliac crest apophysis

    Lenke (AO) classification has 6 categories,based on site and type of curves

    • Type 1 Thoracic

    • Type 2 Double thoracic

    • Type 3 Double major

    • Type 4 Triple major

    • Type 5 Thoracolumbar

    • Type 6 Thoracolumbar /lumbar

    The SRS-22 questionnaire is used to assess health-related quality of life in patients with scoliosis. It includes 22 items distributed among 5 domains (pain, self-image, function/activity, mental health, and satisfaction with management). Each item is scored from 1 (worst) to 5 (best).