Interventional procedure overview of endoscopic duodenal mucosal resurfacing for insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes

Outcome measures

The main outcomes included HbA1c levels, FPG), FPI, pancreatic or liver markers, HOMA-IR, treatment satisfaction, weight loss, GI symptoms (for example, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea and oropharyngeal pain), general symptoms (for example, malaise, fatigue, musculoskeletal pain and rash), hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular outcomes (for example, cholesterol and blood pressure).

HOMA-IR uses fasting insulin and glucose levels to measure insulin resistance. Scores of about 1 or less indicate insulin sensitivity, about 2 indicates early insulin resistance and about 3 or more indicates strong insulin resistance.

ASCVD is an algorithm used to calculate the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease based on various demographic and blood pressure related domains. Scores equal to and above 20% indicate a patient is at high risk of the disease. 7.5% to 19.9% indicates intermediate risk, 5.0% to 7.4% indicates borderline risk and less than 5.0% indicates low risk.

The DIAL model predicts the cardiovascular disease-free life expectancy (in years) of people with T2D based on various demographic and health factors (for example, BMI, HbA1c, smoking).

The DTSQ is a 6-item questionnaire used in clinical trials and monitoring that gauges the patient's satisfaction with a diabetes treatment regimen. Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction with a treatment and the scores range from 0 to 36.